Argonaut 1945
Trutta 1945
| No | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Comm | Fate |
| SS417, 10/1969- AGSS417, 6/1971- SS417 | Tench | Portsmouth N Yd | 4/1944 | 7/7/1944 | 10/1944 | auxiliary submarine 10/1969, attack submarine 6/1971, stricken 8/1973, to Peru (spares) |
| SS418 | Thornback | Portsmouth N Yd | 4/1944 | 7/7/1944 | 10/1944 | to Turkey 7/1971 (Uluc Ali Reis) |
| SS419, 4/1948- SSR419, 3/1961- SS419, 12/1963- AGSS419 | Tigrone | Portsmouth N Yd | 5/1944 | 20/7/1944 | 10/1944 | radar picket submarine 4/1948, attack submarine 3/1961, auxiliary submarine 12/1963, stricken 6/1975 |
| SS420 | Tirante | Portsmouth N Yd | 4/1944 | 9/8/1944 | 11/1944 | stricken 10/1973 |
| SS421 | Trutta (ex-Tomatate) | Portsmouth N Yd | 5/1944 | 18/8/1944 | 11/1944 | to Turkey 7/1972 (Cerbe) |
| SS422, 7/1962- AGSS422 | Toro | Portsmouth N Yd | 5/1944 | 23/8/1944 | 12/1944 | auxiliary submarine 7/1962, stricken 4/1963 |
| SS423, 5/1968- AGSS423 | Torsk | Portsmouth N Yd | 6/1944 | 6/9/1944 | 12/1944 | auxiliary submarine 5/1968, unclassified miscellaneous submarine IXSS423 6/1971 |
| SS424 | Quillback (ex-Trembler) | Portsmouth N Yd | 6/1944 | 1/10/1944 | 12/1944 | stricken 3/1973 |
| SS425 | Trumpetfish | Cramp, Philadelphia | 8/1943 | 13/5/1945 | 1/1946 | to Brazil 10/1973 (Goias) |
| SS426 | Tusk | Cramp, Philadelphia | 8/1943 | 8/7/1945 | 4/1946 | to Taiwan 10/1973 (Hai Pao) |
| SS427 | Turbot | Cramp, Philadelphia | 11/1943 | 12/4/1946 | --- | cancelled 12/8/1945 |
| SS428 | Ulua | Cramp, Philadelphia | 11/1943 | 23/4/1946 | --- | cancelled 12/8/1945 |
| SS429 | Unicorn | Cramp, Philadelphia | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS430 | Vandace | Cramp, Philadelphia | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS431 | Walrus | Cramp, Philadelphia | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS432 | Whitefish | Cramp, Philadelphia | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS433 | Whiting | Cramp, Philadelphia | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS434 | Wolffish | Cramp, Philadelphia | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS435, 4/1960- AGSS435 | Corsair | Electric Boat, Groton | 3/1945 | 3/5/1946 | 11/1946 | auxiliary submarine 4/1960, stricken 2/1963 |
| SS436 | Unicorn | Electric Boat, Groton | 4/1945 | 1/8/1946 | (9/1946) | accepted without commission, stricken 6/1958 |
| SS437 | Walrus | Electric Boat, Groton | 6/1945 | 20/9/1946 | (10/1946) | accepted without commission, stricken 6/1958 |
| SS475 | Argonaut | Portsmouth N Yd | 6/1944 | 1/10/1944 | 1/1945 | to Canada 12/1968 (Rainbow) |
| SS476, 2/1969- AGSS476 | Runner | Portsmouth N Yd | 7/1944 | 17/10/1944 | 2/1945 | auxiliary submarine 2/1969, Naval Reserve TS 1970, unclassified miscellaneous submarine IXSS476 6/1971 |
| SS477, 3/1962- AGSS477 | Conger | Portsmouth N Yd | 7/1944 | 17/10/1944 | 2/1945 | auxiliary submarine 3/1962, stricken 8/1963 |
| SS478 | Cutlass | Portsmouth N Yd | 7/1944 | 5/11/1944 | 3/1945 | to Taiwan 4/1973 (Hai Shih) |
| SS479, 7/1962- AGSS479 | Diablo | Portsmouth N Yd | 8/1944 | 1/12/1944 | 3/1945 | auxiliary submarine 7/1962, to Pakistan 6/1964 (Ghazi) |
| SS480, 5/1967- AGSS480, 10/1969- SS480 | Medregal | Portsmouth N Yd | 8/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 4/1945 | auxiliary submarine 5/1967, attack submarine 10/1969, stricken 8/1970 |
| SS481, 1/1948- SSR481, 8/1959- SS481, 6/1968- AGSS481 | Requin | Portsmouth N Yd | 8/1944 | 1/1/1945 | 4/1945 | radar picket submarine 1946, attack submarine 8/1959, auxiliary submarine 6/1968, Naval Reserve TS 1969, unclassified miscellaneous submarine IXSS481 6/1971 |
| SS482, 6/1969- AGSS482 | Irex | Portsmouth N Yd | 10/1944 | 26/1/1945 | 5/1945 | auxiliary submarine 6/1969, stricken 11/1969 |
| SS483 | Sea Leopard | Portsmouth N Yd | 11/1944 | 2/3/1945 | 6/1945 | to Brazil 3/1973 (Bahia) |
| SS484 | Odax | Portsmouth N Yd | 12/1944 | 10/4/1945 | 7/1945 | to Brazil 7/1972 (Rio de Janeiro) |
| SS485 | Sirago | Portsmouth N Yd | 1/1945 | 11/5/1945 | 8/1945 | stricken 6/1972 |
| SS486 | Pomodon | Portsmouth N Yd | 1/1945 | 12/6/1945 | 9/1945 | stricken 8/1970 |
| SS487 | Remora | Portsmouth N Yd | 3/1945 | 12/7/1945 | 1/1946 | to Greece 10/1973 (Katsonis) |
| SS488, 7/1962- AGSS488 | Sarda | Portsmouth N Yd | 4/1945 | 24/8/1945 | 4/1946 | auxiliary submarine 7/1962, stricken 6/1964 |
| SS489, 1/1948- SSR489, 8/1959- SS489, 6/1969- AGSS489 | Spinax | Portsmouth N Yd | 5/1945 | 20/11/1945 | 9/1946 | radar picket submarine, attack submarine 8/1959, auxiliary submarine 6/1969, stricken 10/1969 |
| SS490 | Volador | Portsmouth N Yd | 6/1945 | 17/1/1946 | 10/1948 | to Italy 8/1972 (Gianfranco Gazzana Priarogia) |
| SS491 | Pompano | Portsmouth N Yd | 7/1945 | --- | --- | cancelled 12/8/1945 |
| SS492 | Grayling | Portsmouth N Yd | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 12/8/1945 |
| SS493 | Needlefish | Portsmouth N Yd | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 12/8/1945 |
| SS494 | Sculpin | Portsmouth N Yd | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 12/8/1945 |
| SS516 | Wahoo | Mare Island N Yd, Vallejo | 5/1944 | --- | --- | cancelled 7/1/1946 |
| SS517 | unnamed | Mare Island N Yd, Vallejo | 5/1944 | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS522 | Amberjack | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 3/1946 | to Brazil 10/1972 (Ceara) |
| SS523 | Grampus | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 10/1947 | to Brazil 7/1972 (Rio Grande do Sul) |
| SS524 | Pickerel | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 4/1949 | to Italy 8/1972 (Primo Longobardo) |
| SS525 | Grenadier | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 2/1951 | to Venezuela 5/1973 (Picuda) |
| SS526 | Dorado | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 1944 | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS527 | Comber | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS528 | Sea Panther | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
| SS529 | Tiburon | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | --- | --- | --- | cancelled 29/7/1944 |
all but SS489, 490, 523 - 525:
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1845 / 2415 |
|
Length, m |
92.2 wl 95.0 oa |
|
Breadth, m |
8.31 |
|
Draught, m |
4.70 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
5400 / 2740 |
|
Max speed, kts |
20.25 / 8.75 |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) - 12000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
SS417 - 426, 435: 1 x 1 - 127/25 Mk 17, 1 x 1 - 40/56 Bofors, 1 x 1 - 20/70 Oerlikon, 10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) SS475 - 489, 522: 2 x 1 - 127/25 Mk 17, 1 x 1 - 40/56 Bofors, 1 x 1 - 20/70 Oerlikon, 10 - 533 TT (28 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
presumably SS417 - 424: SD, SJ, ST radars, sonars presumably SS475 - 477: SJ, ST, SV radars, sonars presumably SS478 - 482: SJ, ST, SV radars, sonars presumably SS425, 426, 435, 483 - 488, 522: SS, ST, SV radars, sonars |
|
Complement |
60 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
SS417 - 437: 120 SS475 - 529: 135 |
Ship project history: Further development of Gato and Balao classes. Project of new submarine received enhanced internal subdivision on compartments, hull durability also was raised, that has led to displacement growth approximately on 35-40t. In remaining they differed from predecessors a little. Last series, from SS475, was projected on the bigger operational diving depth (135 m, maximum permissible 225m), besides, they had increased to 28 torpedo stock.
In total in 1942-1943 146 new submarines were ordered (SS417-562), however in 1944-1945 building of 112 boats (SS427-434, 438-474, 491-515, 517-521 and 526-562) was cancelled. In 1946 also SS516 was cancelled, and building of SS436 and 437 was suspended and eventually they were sold for scrap incomplete. As a result 31 boat were completed only.
Modernizations: 1945, Requin: + 1 x 1 - 127 Mk 51 rocket launcher
1946 - 1953, part of submarines was converted to radar pickets by Migraine program. "Migraine" submarines can use their radars only when surfaced, later converted submarines had snorkel and can use radars in cruise position. "Migraine III" submarines received longed hull.
Migraine: one submarine was commissioned in this configuration and one was converted, as follows
| No | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Comm | Fate |
| SS489, 1/1948- SSR489, 8/1959- SS489, 6/1969- AGSS489 | Spinax | Portsmouth N Yd | 5/1945 | 20/11/1945 | 9/1946 | radar picket submarine, attack submarine 8/1959, auxiliary submarine 6/1969, stricken 10/1969 |
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS481, 1/1948- SSR481, 8/1959- SS481, 10/1969- AGSS481 | Requin | 1946 | Portsmouth N Yd | attack submarine 8/1959, auxiliary submarine 6/1968, Naval Reserve TS 1969, unclassified miscellaneous submarine IXSS481 6/1971 |
Migraine I
nearly sister-ship Burrfish 1954
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SSR419 (ex-SS419), 3/1961- SS419, 12/1963- AGSS419 | Tigrone | 11/1948 | attack submarine 3/1961, auxiliary submarine 12/1963, stricken 6/1975 |
Migraine II
Requin 1954
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SSR481, 1959 - SS481 | Requin | 1950 | stricken 12/1971, preserved | |
| SSR489, 1960 - SS489 | Spinax | 1950 | stricken 10/1969 |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
Migraine 0, I: 1525 / 2410 Migraine II: 1570 / 2410 |
|
Length, m |
95.1 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.30 |
|
Draught, m |
|
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
4610 / 1750 |
|
Max speed, kts |
17 / 8 |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 12000 (10) / |
|
Armament |
1 x 1 - 40/60 Bofors, 4 - 533 TT (12, bow) |
|
Sensors |
Migraine: SS, SV-1, SV-2 radars, sonars Migraine I: SS, SV-1, SV-2, BPS-2 radars, sonars Migraine II: SS, SV, SV-2, SR-2 radars, sonars |
|
Complement |
Migraine I: 82 - 90 Migraine II: 82 - 85 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
Migraine 0, II: 135 Migraine I: 120 |
1947, Odax and Pomodon were reconstructed by GUPPY I design, as follows: new, more powerful enlarged battery was installed, hull, CT and superstructure were streamlined, all guns were removed.
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS484 | Odax | 1946-1947 | Portsmouth N Yd | to Brazil 7/1972 (Rio de Janeiro) |
| SS486 | Pomodon | 10/1946-7/1947 | Mare Island N Yd, Vallejo | stricken 8/1970 |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1830 / 2440 |
|
Length, m |
93.6 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.20 |
|
Draught, m |
5.20 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
4610 / 5400 |
|
Max speed, kts |
18 / 18 |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
BQR-2, BQS-2, JT sonars, SS, ST, SV radars |
|
Complement |
82 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
135 |
1947 - 1951, 4 submarines were commissioned by GUPPY II design and 9 submarines were so modernized in 1947 - 1951, as follows: new, more powerful and enlarged battery was installed, hull, CT and superstructure were streamlined, all guns were removed. Snorkel was installed.
nearly sister-ship Halfbeak 1954
| No | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Comm | Fate |
| SS490 | Volador | Portsmouth N Yd | 6/1945 | 17/1/1946 | 10/1948 | to Italy 8/1972 (Gianfranco Gazzana Priarogia) |
| SS523 | Grampus | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 10/1947 | to Brazil 7/1972 (Rio Grande do Sul) |
| SS524 | Pickerel | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 4/1949 | to Italy 8/1972 (Primo Longobardo) |
| SS525 | Grenadier | Boston N Yd, Charlestown | 2/1944 | 15/12/1944 | 2/1951 | to Venezuela 5/1973 (Picuda) |
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS425 | Trumpetfish | 1948 | to Brazil 10/1973 (Goias) | |
| SS426 | Tusk | 1948 | to Taiwan 10/1973 (Hai Pao) | |
| SS478 | Cutlass | 1948 | to Taiwan 4/1973 (Hai Shih) | |
| SS483 | Sea Leopard | 1948-1949 | Philadelphia N Yd | to Brazil 3/1973 (Bahia) |
| SS484 | Odax | 1951 | Portsmouth N Yd | to Brazil 7/1972 (Rio de Janeiro) |
| SS485 | Sirago | 1949 | Philadelphia N Yd | stricken 6/1972 |
| SS486 | Pomodon | 1/1951-5/1951 | Mare Island N Yd, Vallejo | stricken 8/1970 |
| SS487 | Remora | 2/1947-1947 | Mare Island N Yd, Vallejo | to Greece 10/1973 (Katsonis) |
| SS522 | Amberjack | 1947-1948 | to Brazil 10/1972 (Ceara) |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1870 / 2440 |
|
Length, m |
93.6 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.20 |
|
Draught, m |
5.20 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
4610 / 5400 |
|
Max speed, kts |
18 / 16 (9 with snorkel) |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
BQR-2, BQS-2, JT or SQR-3 sonars, SS, ST, SV radars |
|
Complement |
82 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
SS425, 476: 120 SS478, 483 - 487, 522: 135 |
1947 - 1966, 6 submarines were modernized by "Fleet Snorkel" design, as follows: CT and superstructure were streamlined, all guns were removed. Snorkel was installed. Data was as follows:
nearly sister-ship Carp 1953
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS423, 5/1968- AGSS423 | Torsk | 1952 | auxiliary submarine 5/1968, unclassified miscellaneous submarine IXSS423 6/1971 | |
| SS475 | Argonaut | 1952 | Philadelphia N Yd | to Canada 12/1968 (Rainbow) |
| SS476, 2/1969- AGSS476 | Runner | 1952 | Philadelphia N Yd | auxiliary submarine 2/1969, unclassified miscellaneous submarine IXSS476 6/1971 |
| SS479 | Diablo | 1964 | to Pakistan 6/1964 (Ghazi) | |
| SS480, 5/1967- AGSS480, 10/1969- SS480 | Medregal | 3/1952-11/1952 | Charleston N Yd | auxiliary submarine 5/1967, attack submarine 10/1969, stricken 8/1970 |
| SS482, 6/1969- AGSS482 | Irex | 1947 | auxiliary submarine 6/1969, stricken 11/1969 |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1830 / 2440 |
|
Length, m |
95.0 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.31 |
|
Draught, m |
5.20 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
4610 / 2700 |
|
Max speed, kts |
20 / 10 (6.5 with snorkel) |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
1 x 1 - 127/25 Mk 17 (few), 10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
BQR-2, BQS-2, JT or SQR-3 sonars, SS, ST, SV radars |
|
Complement |
82 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
SS423: 120 SS475, 476, 479, 480, 482: 135 |
1951 - 1952, 1 submarine was modernized by GUPPY IA design, as follows: battery was enlarged, hull, CT and superstructure were streamlined, all guns were removed. Snorkel was installed.
nearly sister-ship Sea Poacher 1953
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS417, 10/1969- AGSS417, 6/1971- SS417 | Tench | 10/1950 | Norfolk N Yd | auxiliary submarine 10/1969, attack submarine 6/1971, stricken 8/1973, to Peru (spares) |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1830 / 2440 |
|
Length, m |
93.6 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.20 |
|
Draught, m |
5.20 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
4610 / 5400 |
|
Max speed, kts |
18 / 15 (7.5 with snorkel) |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
BQR-2, BQS-2, JT or SQR-3 sonars, SS, SV, BPS-1 radars |
|
Complement |
82 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
120 |
1952 - 1954, 4 submarines were modernized by GUPPY IIA design, as follows: battery was enlarged, hull, CT and superstructure were streamlined, all guns were removed. Snorkel and new sonars were installed. One diesel was removed. SS418 Thornback can also used as target.
nearly sister-ship Razorback 1955
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS418 | Thornback | 10/1953 | Portsmouth N Yd | to Turkey 7/1971 (Uluc Ali Reis) |
| SS420 | Tirante | 11/1952 | Portsmouth N Yd | stricken 10/1973 |
| SS421 | Trutta (ex-Tomatate) | 5/1952-1/1953 | Charleston N Yd | to Turkey 7/1972 (Cerbe) |
| SS424 | Quillback (ex-Trembler) | 4/1952-2/1953 | Portsmouth N Yd | stricken 3/1973 |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1848 / 2440 |
|
Length, m |
93.6 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.20 |
|
Draught, m |
5.20 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
3 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
3430 / 5400 |
|
Max speed, kts |
17 / 15 |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
BQR-2, BQS-2, SQR-3 sonars, BPS-1, BPS-4, SS radars |
|
Complement |
82 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
120 |
1956 - 1960, all "Migraine I and II" submarines were reconverted to conventional attack submarines, all additional radars were removed.
1959 - 1963, 4 GUPPY II submarines were modernized by GUPPY III design, as follows: Hull was longed, CT was replaced by new. New sonars were installed. Submarines can launch Mk 45 Astor nuclear torpedoes. Data was as follows:
nearly sister-ship Clamagore 1963
| No | Name | Converted | Yard | Fate |
| SS425 | Trumpetfish | 1962 | to Brazil 10/1973 (Goias) | |
| SS487 | Remora | 1963 | Pearl Harbor N Yd | to Greece 10/1973 (Katsonis) |
| SS490 | Volador | 1963 | to Italy 8/1972 (Gianfranco Gazzana Priarogia) | |
| SS524 | Pickerel | 1962 | to Italy 8/1972 (Primo Longobardo) |
|
Displacement standard, t |
|
|
Displacement normal, t |
1975 / 2450 |
|
Length, m |
99.5 |
|
Breadth, m |
8.20 |
|
Draught, m |
5.20 |
|
No of shafts |
2 |
|
Machinery |
4 diesel-generators / 2 electric motors |
|
Power, h. p. |
4610 / 5400 |
|
Max speed, kts |
17.2 / 14.5 |
|
Fuel, t |
diesel oil 378 - 472 |
| Endurance, nm (kts) | 11000 (10) / 96 (2) |
|
Armament |
10 - 533 TT (24 torpedoes or 40 mines, 6 bow, 4 stern) |
|
Sensors |
BQR-2, BQS-2, SQR-3, BQG-4 PUFFS (most submarines), BPS-1, BPS-4, BPS-5 radars |
|
Complement |
86 |
|
Diving depth operational, m |
SS425: 120 SS487, 490, 524: 135 |
Naval service: Diablo and Medregal are sunk at trials of new weapons in 1971 and 1970 respectively.
Argonaut 1946
Spinax 1956
© Ivan Gogin, 2008-10